Soatnu llniti^rattg
Cttolbg? of iCtb^ral Arta
JGtbrarg
The Gift of "tiie. .Hutiaojr:
378.744
^55^8 ^^^^
BOSTOII TOTIVKKSITY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
THESIS
"ROOT-DERIVATIVES in the GERI/IAN and LATIII L/JIGUAGES"
by
Morris '."artov/
(A.B.- Boston University - 1931)
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requS^rements
for the degree of Master of Arts»
BOSTON U;>ifv'£kSiTY
COLLEGE OF LIBERAL AfiTfi
UBRA^Y
5 €f-
PAGE:
OOTLIKE
!•
Forev/ord
2.
Grirran^s Lav/
3 •
Root I, AGIi or AlIGH
4.
" II,
5 •
tt
6.
" III,
Al'[ or AWK
7.
It If
ft ft It
8.
" IV '
AP
9.
" V ,
AR or AL
10,
tf »•
ft ft ff
11.
" VI '
AR
12,
"VII '
AS
13.
"VIII,
BHALG or BIILAG
14.
"IX ,
BHAR
15.
"X
Bin;
16
"Xl ,
BIISUGH
17.
"XII ,
DAIv or DIK
18
"XIII,
19.
"XIV ,
DIIU
20.
"XV ,
FLA or FLO
21.
":{vi ,
GA or GALi
22.
"XVII,
GAI'T
23.
tf ft
ff
24,
"XVIII,
GAH
2 S #
"XIX .
GEAR
26.
ftvv
g
GIV;
27.
!l VVT
GUS
28,
":cai ,
XAD
29.
":o:iii.
ivAlj
30.
ff ft
ft
31.
"XJ^iV ,
KM!
32.
tf If
tf
33.
"XXV
KAP
34.
ff fT
ft
35.
":cvvi ,
or IIAL
If tf
t» tf ff
37.
">LXTII,
T.'TpT
: \ 1 1
33.
ft tf
ff
39 .
"XXVIII
, KI .
40.
"7JCIX
, LAGH
41.
":ocx
, LIK
42.
"xxxl
, LU
43.
"XXXII.
, LUBH or LI3H
44.
"XXXIJI
, LUK
45.
"xjaiv
, MA or HAD
46,
•t ff
ft ft ft
47.
"]co:v
, I'AK or MAGH o
48.
":o[xvi
, KMl or IJADH
49.
!f If
ft ft ft
OUTLIITE
r ALrli I
OU •
Root XXXVII.
i.iiill or : -iiij
51 •
ft
ft
ft ft ft
tt
If
ft ft It
oo.
It
XXXV III
T/r ATI /-I
•
ft
XXTTX
f i 1 xilii.
oo •
It
OD •
II
II
fl
57 •
ft
, rAD
c o
oo •
It
XTiTT
OU •
II
YT TTT
"DAT /-\v> 'DM?
An
oU •
If
II
ft ft ft
61 •
If
'/T TV
, r Ail
o<i •
ft
If
ft
DO •
It
T5T?rn
, rilil
D^i •
fi
XL VI
P A^P
f X iix
DO •
If
T3T A Tr /^n "DT A
, xLiiiY OP rLA
OD •
ft
ft
ft ft tf
D / •
II
XL. VII I
"DT TT
, rL U
Do •
It
>XIX
f r * liixV
oy •
It
T,
, itAijil OP J-iiiX).
•70
f u •
ft
fl
tl tl tl
f ± •
ft
T.T
i-J X
•70
ft
It
tf
fC) •
ft
LII
• nl OP L±
ft
ft
ft ff tt
( O •
ft
Xi ^ X X
• Oil
< D •
It
ft
It
It*
If
LTV
Q T
, oAXi
It
LV
^ oAlii
•70
If
JJ V X
oU •
It
ft
tf
o n
81 •
It
T VTT
J-J V X X
, OivAD - OivU
ft
tt
' tl tt
ft
Tt
tt tt
o4 •
ft
T.VTTT
o V A T3 Of A
, oiVilr — oxvA
oO»
ft
Xj x^\
• oivAxl OP oivA.
o c
OD •
ft
tt
If ft ff
o / •
ft
QX^ A v.r
, oxuAiv
o o
oo •
tf
LXI
, orA or orii-W
QQ
OC7 •
ft
LXII
. oi Ax\ OP orR.
90 .
ft
tt
tf II tt
91.
n
LXII I
, STA
92.
ft
tt
ff
93.
ft
ft
ft
94.
tt
LXIV
, STAG
95.
ft
LXV
, STAG
96.
ft
LXVI
, STAR
97.
tt
ft
tf
98,
ft
LXVII
, STIG
OUTLIIIE
PAGE:
99.
Root Lxviii, sv;ah
100,
" LXIX, TAN
101.
tl tt tt
102/
" LXX, TAHS
103.
" LX.XI , ''!JA
104.
" I.XII , \VAG - ^
'!UK -
105.
" LXIII , WAGH
106.
" LXIV , "/AK or
YJAG
107.
" LXV , ".VAL
108.
" LX\^I , 'VAN
109
" L^ri'II, "VAR or
v;al
110.
tf !f ff tf
tf
111.
" LXVIII, v:ar or v:al
112.
ff ff tf ff
ft
115.
" LXIX , '.-'AHG
114.
" l:c:. , v/AS
115.
" LXXIJ VJID
" LXJ^II, V.TK
116.
117.
" L7JJ:III, "TK
118.
" L>:xiv, YA
119.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1330.
ff
1
FC3HEV/0RD
The following thesis is an attempt to correlate words in the German
and Latin languages by reference to their cor.-irion ancestry, the
primitive Indo-European language. That this synoptic view of
languages is a great aid in a better understanding of them is a
fact greatly appreciated by philologists, the similarity of the
two languages, both in structure ana vocabulary, offer an undeniable
proof of their com:::on ancestry and kinship.
I had intended to devote a section of the thesis to the study
of cognate words, but inasmuch as all v/ords listed under one root
are cognate in the broad sense or the term, I have confined myself
only to those v/ords which are similar in m.eaning, ana these I have
identified by parallel notations designating the number and letter
of the cognate.
The roots in parentheses are Teutonic,
2
(with reference to the Italic and Teutonic branches only)
Indogermanic Latin Teutonic High German
GH h,f,(G) G k
G g K ch, hh
K c H h
GwH g, h, f G k
Gv/ V Q,K ch, hh
Q qu, c H h
DH
D
f,(cl,h,)
d, 1
t
D
T
t
ts , s
d
BH f,(b) B p
B h P pf, f
P p P f
HOTS; Apparent exceptions to the aDove law may arise, as, for example,
in the case of the root 'I^AL ' (Teutonic root 'HiiL'), where two
Gerrnan root-derivatives appear as 'HaLL', in keeping with the
law, and 'SCHALL', an apparent exception, but this irregularity
may be explained as due to PALATALIZATIOU, one of the many forc-as
forces at y/ork in language developem.ent .
I. AGH or AKGH (AG or AUG)
1. Origin: 'NG' are consonants denoting ^compression'
2. I.'eaning: to choke, strangle, afflict, frighten
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, anger e - to strangle (4(1)
b, angor - a strangling
c. angina - the quinsy, as suffocating
d. angustus - narrow, contracted (4c)
e# anxius - distressed
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Angst - anguish, anxiety, fear
h, angstigen - to alarm, render anxious
c. eng - narrow, tight, confined (3d)
d, engen - to narrow, contract (3a)
4
II. AK (AH)
1. Origin: 'K' is the consonant denoting 'motion'.
2* Meaning: to pierce, be sharp, be quick
5# Latin Root-Derivatives;
a. acer - piercing
b. acerbus - sharp, sour
c. acuere - to sharpen
d. acies - sharpness of vision
e. acus - a needle
f • acervus - a heap
g» acna - a square piece of land
h, cel*»-ox - sv/lft
i. di— ox - a fish
j . vel — ox - rapid
k. axis - an axle-tree (4a)
1. axilla -the shoulder (4b)
m. equus - a horse
n» equiso - a stable-boy
o. ocftor - quicker
p. ocris - a broken, stony mountain
q. aqua - water
r, jj^ inanis(lnacnis) - empty
# Vanicek's "Lateinisches IVorteriDUch" P. 4
II. AK(AH)
German Root-Derivatives:
a, Achse - an axle, axis (5k)
t). Achsel- the shoulder (31)
0. Ecke - edge, corner, angle
d# eggen - to harrow
6
III. AlC or iilH: (AH- or AUG)
1. Origin: *TTIv' are the consonants ol" 'flexure'
2« Ivleaning: to bend
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. ad — uncus - hooked
b. red — uncus - curved or bent baclcwards
c. uncatio - a bending inwards
d. uncatus - hooked, curved
e. uncinatus - furnished v;ith hooks
f • uncinus - a hook, barb
g. uncus - a hook, barb
h. ancilla - female slave
i. ancula - a maid servant
j. ancus - a servant, as bending, crouching
k« anculare - to bring something as servant
1 • anus - an old woman
m, anulus - a finger-ring
n, angellus - a little corner
o, angulus - an angle
p. angulare - to make angular
q. anguis - a serpent
r. anguilla - an eel (4a)
s. anclabris - a sacriflicial table
t, anclator - an attendant
#
I
7
III, AK or ANK (AH or AKG)
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
u. acinus - a borry, osp. the grape
V. ancora - an anchor
cingo - to go round in a circle
X. unguis - claw, nail
y, ungula - claw
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a, A6.1 - an eel (5r)
b. Ahn - grandfather, ancestor
c« Angel - hinge, pole or the earth
d, Enlcel - ankle, grandchild, descendant
f
8
IV. AP
1. Origin: 'P' is the c6nsonant of growth, due developement or
excellence.
2. Ivieaning: to seize, attain, bind, v/ork, enclose.
3. Latin Koot-Derivatives :
a.
aptus - fit, appropriate
b.
optiraus - best
c .
optare - select
d.
opes - power
e •
copia (co--dps) - aoundance
f .
ODUs — work, labor (4a^
S-
amentum - a strap or thong
h.
ames - a pole or fork
i.
apere - to join, to tie to
j-
apisci - to take, seize
k.
aper - a wild boar (4b)
1.
apis - a bee
m.
apex - point, top
0 .
opetis - a plant,.
p.
opimus - rich, fertile
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. iiben - to exercise, practise, exert(3f )
b. Sber - a wila boar (3k)
Perhaps-
c. Sifer- zeal, ardor, fervor
d. libel - evil, ill, wrong
e. eben - level, plain, precisely
0
9
V# AR' or AL
1. Origin: *L' is the consonant of growth, presBure
'R' is the consonant of support, excellence
2» Meaning: to raise, move, go
3. Latin Root-Derrlvatives :
a. ah — olere- to retard the growth of
h. adolescere - to grow up
c. coalescere - to grow together
d. exolescere - to attain its full size
e. proles - progeny, child
f. proletarius - a citizen of the lowest class, who served
the state not with his property, but only with his
chilaren ( prole s ) •
g. suboles - a sprout, offshoot
h. elementum - a first principle
i. alacer - brisk, active
j. alere - nourish, sustain
k. alnus - the alder (4c) •
1. altus - grown or become great
m. ordiri - begin, undertake
n, ordo - methodical arrangement
o. oriri - grow or spring forth
p. origo - ealiest beginning
q, ira - anger (kindred to Sanskrit ' IR ' - to be moved)
r. iners - indolent, inactive
s. ulmus - elri-tree
10
V, AR or jiL
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
t, ulva - sedge
u. arduus - tilgh, elevated
v, arimdo - tho reed, cane
VI, ornus - the wild moiintain ash
4. German Root-Derivatives :
a. Art - race, species
b. alt - old, ancient
c. Eller - the alder (3k)
d. Erde - earth, world
0
\
11
VI. /iR
1. Origin: 'R' is the consonant of coincidence.
'RT' are the consonants oi' adjustment,
2. Meaning: to gain, acquire, fit
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. aranea - spider, coDv/eb
b. arma - what is fitted to the body for its protection,
defensive armor
c. arnius - the shoulder where it is fitted to the shoulder
blade (4a)
d. ars - skill in joining something
e. sellers ( solltis--ars) - dexterous, ingeiiious
f. aitus - fitted, confined
g. irritus - undecided, unfixed
h. ulna - the elDov/(4D)
Related v;ords:
i. ratio - calculation, computation(4c )
j. reor - judge, thinlc
k, rltus - custom, usage
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Arm - the arm (3c)
b. Elle - ell(3h)
c. raten - to counsel, advise, solve (3i)
0
0
12
VII. AS
1, Origin: 'S' denotes breath Itself or breath as representing
self or spirit, and the Inner action of self or spirit,
2. Meaning: to breathe, live, exist, be
3. Latin Root-Derivatives :
a, esse - to be
b# sum - I am
c« suus(sui, siDi, se) - his oivn
d. sons - he who was it, the real person, the guilty one
e. orare - to argue, plead
f. OS - the mouth
g. oscillum - a little cavity in the middle of leguminoud
fruits where the germ sprouts forth
h. oscitare - to gape, yawn
i. ostiiur^ - a door
j. sententia - judgement
k, sentio - to discern by the senses
1, sine - la:/ or set down
m. situs - the manner of lying, site
n. spiro - to breathe, blov/
o. sponte - of one's ovm accord
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a. ist he is(3a)
b. sein - to be, exist(oa)
c. selber - the same, the selfsarie
d. Sitte - custom, habit, usage
13
VIII. BHALG or BirLivG (BL/U:)
!• Origin: »BL» denote light.
2. Meaning: to shine, burn
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. f arf arus (f argf argus) - the plant colt's foot
b. flagitium - burning shame, outrage
c. flagito - entreat, solicit
d. flaTrmia - a blazing fire
e. flagrare - to burn, blaze
f . f lavus(51agvus) - golden yellow
g. fulvus - deep yellow
h. fulgere - to flash, lighten
i. fulgur - lightning
j. fulraen «- lightning that strikes or sets on fire
k. frigere - to roast, parch
1. fulica - a coot (a vvrater-fowl )
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. blau - blue, azure
b. blelch - pale, v;an
0. bleichen - to bleach
d. bllcken - to glance, shine
e. blinlcen - to gleari, twinl^le, sparkle
f . bllnzen - tv/inlcLe, nictate
g. blitzen - to glance, flash, sparkle
h. Pracht - splendor, magnificence
0
14
IX. BHARCB/iR)
1, Origin: 'PR' denote pressure up, do\7n, outv/ard
2# Meaning: to "bear, carry
5. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. fero - to bear, lead (4e)
b. fertllis - fruitful, fertile
c. fordus - pregnant
d. firmus - firm, steadfast
e. fortuna - fate, fortune
f • fors - chance, hazard
g, f rater - a "brother (4f)
h. fur - a thief
4. G-ernaU Root-Derivatives:
a. Berg - mountain, hill
b. bilden - to fashion, discipline
c. Braut - bride, fiancee
d. breit - broad, wide
e. bringen - to bring'j ■ convey (3a)
f. Eruder - brother (3g)
g. Burde - burden, charge, load
h# gebaren - to bring forth, produce
i .Geburt - labor, deliver;/, birth
j. gebaren - to conduct oneself
k« Geberde - gesture, mien
*
15
X. EIIU(BU)
1. Origin: 'BU'(P) denotes grov;th, production, increase
2, Meaning: to grow, become, be, dwell
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. favus - a lione^/- comb(4f )
b. favere - to promote, befriend
c. fecundus - fruitful, fertile
d. felix - fertile
e. fetus - pregnant, breeding
f. felis - a cat
g. fenus - interest on capital
h. foenile - relating to interest or usury
i . f eraen - the thigh
j . f entculuin - fennel
k. fenum - hay
1. fui - I have been
m, futurus - about to be
n. fio(BIIA — BHU) - to tecome
o. trilQus - originally, a third part of the Roman people;
later, a division of the people
4, C-ernan Root-Derivatives:
a. Bau - edifice, structure
b. Bauer - farmer, peasant
c. bin - I am
d. Eoden - landed property, soil
e. Kachbar - neighbor
f. Waoe - honey-comb(3a)
16
XI. BIIEUGn(BUa)
1, Origin: 'BG' are consonants denoting flexure,
2m Meaning: to "bow, bend, turn about
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. fuga - a fleeing, flight
b. fugax - sv/ift, fleet
c. fugitivus - fleeing av/ay, fugitive
d. fugio - to flee
e. fugo - to put to flight
f • perfuga - a deserter
g. refugium - a recourse, place of refuge
4, German Root- Derivatives:
a, Beugen - bend, bow, curve
b. biegen - bend, bow
c, biegsam - flexible, yielding
d. Bo gen- curve, arc
17
XII. DAK or DIX
1. Origin: 'DK' are consonants expressing strongly the "brealcing
forth of light.
2. Meaning: to show, teach
5. Latin Root-Derivatltves :
a. .decet - it behooves
b. decus - glory, honor
c. dignus - v/orthy, deserving
d. digitus - a finger
e. indago - to investigate, search into
f . perdagatus - explored
g. index - a pointer, indicator
h. indicare - point out, disclose
i. indicium - a notice, inf ornation
j • iudex - a judge
k. dicis - for the sake of judicial form
1. discere (dicscere ) - to learn
iti. disciplina - instnuction, teaching
n. discipulus(DIK--root of PUER) - a scholar, pupil
o. docere - teach, instruct, inform
p. doctrina - teaching, instruction
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Tag - day, daylight
b. zunden - to taJ-:e fire, kindle, if:nite
c. zeichen - to mark, represent
d. zeigen - to show, point-
e. verzeihen - to forgive, pardon
18
XIII. D/iRCTisjf)
1. Origin: 'TR' are consonants denoting penetration, friction,
2« Meaning : to tear, rend, rive
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, delere - to destroy, annihilate (4d)
b, delubriim - sanctuary, shrine
c, derbiosus - scabby
d, dolabra - an a:x:e
e, dolahella - a small axe
f, dolare - shape, roimd, hev/
g, doliurn - earthen jar
h, dolere - to feel pain, suffer
i, dolor - grief, pain
j. dolus - snare, deceit
k, dorsum (- the back (neck)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. vorzehren - to consuir.e, eat up
b. zehren - waste, evaporate
c. verzerren - distort, tv/ist
d. zerren - tear (3a)
19
XIV. Dim
1. Origin: 'DU' denote current of breath inhaled in smelling or
exhaled in a vai^or,
2. Meaning: to sacrifice, smoke
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. Faunus - a mythical king of Latium, v/or shipped as the
Italian Pan,
b. faustus - of favorable omen, auspicious
c. faveo - to he favorable, well disposed
d. favilla - hot ashes, the ashes of the dead
e. fetidus - of an ill smell, fetid
f . fetor - a bad smell, stench
g. fimus - dung, ordure
h. foedus - rotten, foul
i. f omentum - poultice, fomentation
j. femes - kindljmg wood, tinder
k, foveo - to warm, keep warm
1. fuligo - soot
m# funius - smiOke, vapor (4c)
n, funus - funeral rites, usually with reference to the
burning of the body,
o.suffio - to fuFiigate, to offer incense
p. suffimen - incense
German Root-Derivatives:
a. duinm - dull, stupid
b. taub - torpid, numb
c. Dunst - vapor, fume (3m.)
d. dur.ipf - damp, moist
e. toll - mad, frantic
20
XV. FLA or FLO
1, Origin: 'FL' denote a swelling.
2, I.Ieaning: to streaiv: forth
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. flo - to blow (4c)
b. flamen - a blowing, blast
c. fla&ra - blasts, breezes, v;inas
d. flatus - a blov/ing, breathing
e. flebilis - lamentable
f. fleo - weep
g. fletus - weeping, wailing'
h. floreo - to bloom, blossom (4d)
i. flos - a blossom, flower (4e)
j. folium - a leaf (gh)
k. follis - a pair of bellows
1. floccus V- a lock, flock
ra. ciniflo - a hair-curler
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a. blahen - to inflate, sv/ell
b. Blase - bubble, blister
c. blasen - to blov/(3a)
d. bliihen - to bloom, blossom(3h)
e. Blume - flower, blossom(3i)
f. Elut - blood, juice (of plants)
g. Bliite - blossom, bud, bloom
h. Blatt - leaf(oj)
21
XVI. GA or GAMdC.YM:)
1. Origin: 'Gii* denotes motion,
2# luoaninn;: to come, go, walk
3» Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, betere- to go
"b. arbiter ( ad-bi-ter) - one that goes to something in order to
see or hear it; hence, a spectator, a witness
c. baculun - a stick, staff, as a support in v;alking
d. venire - to come (4b)
e. contio ( con--ventio) - a meeting
f. vado - to go hastily or rapidly(4d)
$, German Root-Derivatives:
a, be quern - arrival hom.e , therefore, comfortable
b, komjnen - to cone (3d)
c, gehen - to go, proceed
d, waten - to v/ade(3f)
XVII. GAN(Ki\N)
!• Origin: »KK' are consonants or production and. grov/th,
2, Meaning: to produce, cause to germinate
5, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. "benignus - of a good nature
b. mtaignus - of a bad nature
c. privignus (privus — gigno) - a step-son or daughter
d. gener - son-in-law
e. genialis - belonging to generation or birth
f. genitor - parent, creator
g. genius - the tutelar deity or genius of a person
h. genuinus - innate, natur'al
i. gens - a race or clan
j. ingens - that goes beyond its kind, enormous
k. genus - birth, descent, origin
1, gignere - to beget, bear
m. indiges - native born
n. ingenuus - of legitimate wife, native, indigenous
o, naevus ( gnaevus ) - birthmark, raole
p. nascor (gnascor) - to De born
q. natio - a being born, birth
3Pv iieitura - natural constitution of a thing
s, praegnans - with child, pregnant
t, gerjna - a bud, eye, or gem on a pi ant (4b)
23
XVII. GAN(M)
i. German Root-Derivatives:
a. beginnen - to begin
b. Xeim - germ, bud, shoot (3t)
c. keiraen - to germinate, sprout, forth
d. ICind - child
e. Konig - king
24
XVIII. GAlKi^AIT)
1. Origin: 'Gi:' are consonants denoting breath of life
representing the spirit of man.
2. Lleaning: to know, recognize
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. gnarus - skilful, knowing a thing (4b)
b. ignorare(in — gnorare) - to have no laiov/ledge of
c. noscere (gnoscere) - to get a knowledge of (4a)
d. nobilis - that can be known or is known
norma (gn or ma) - a rule, pattern, precept
f. gnavus - diligent, assiduous
g. navare - to perform a thing v/ith zeal
h. narrare - to tell, relate
i. nota - a m.ark, sign
j. notio - an exa!ranation, investigation
k. notus - known
4. German Root-Der^ivatives :
a. kennen - to know, to have cognizance of (3c)
b. Xenner - knower, connoisseur ( 5a)
c. Kenntnis - knowledge
d. konnen - to Imow, to be aole
i
/
XIX. GKAR(GAR)
Origin: 'I^Ti' are the consonants of enclo
I.^eaning: to seize, grasp, hold, contain
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. cohors - division of a army
b. haereo - to adhere to
c. hirudo - a leech, "blood-sucker
d. hara - a pen or coop for animals
e« horreum - a storehouse, granary
f . hirnea - a jug
g. hortus - a garden (4a)
h. ir(hir) - a hand
i. horia - a fishing- smack
j, herediur.i - an hereditary estate
k, heres - an heir
German Koot-Derivatives :
a, Garten - a garden (3g)
b. giirten - to gird, girdle
1%
26
XX. Gi-v(Kiv:)
1. Origin: are consonants denoting intrinsic force.
2. I^eaning: to live
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. victima(emo) - (ransom of life), atonement, sacrifice
b. victricus - (conceding life), stepfather
c. victus - (manner of life), food, sustenance
d. vita - life
e. vivere - to live
f. vividus - living, animated
g. vivisco - to become active, spring forth
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. er quicken - to revive, refresh
b. quick - lively, brisk
XXI. GUS(KUS)
Origin: 'KUi' denotes a tasting v/ith the tonf^^e*
I'eaninp;: to choose, taste
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. degnnere (degustare ) - make one^s self acquainted v/ith
b. gustare - to taste (4a)
c. gustus - a partaking of anything
d. garmn - a rich sauce
German Root-Derivatives:
a. kosten(3b) - to taste, tryCSb)
b. Zukost - seasoning, condiraent
c. kussen - to kiss, touch lightly
d. erkieren - to choose, elect
e. kiesen - to select, choose
28
XXII. KAD(IiiiT)
1, Origin: 'KT' are consonaiits denoting relaxation, stillness,
decline .
2, i'eaning: to fall, go av/ay
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. arcessire - to sLum.on, fetch
b. bucetura - cow-pasture
c. cicatrix - scar, v/eal
d. busticeti!^ •? a place v/here dead bodies v/ere burned
e. cadere - to fall down, be precipitated
f. cadaver - a corpse, carcass
g. catax - limping, lame
h. cddere - to go from, withdraw
i. cesso - to stand back, to cease from
j. incessere - to fall upon, assault
k, incudo - to forge v/lth the har.mier
1. incus-incudis - anvil
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Ilass - hatred, enmity
b. hassen - to hate, detest
c. hetsen - to hunt, run after, set on
d. Hitze - heat, ardor, rut
e. schiessen - to shoot, dart
€
XXIII. KAL(IIAL)
Orip;in: 'ILL' are consonants denoting sound.
Meaning: to rollthe voice, repeat, count, sound
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. calo - to call out, proclalm(4b) (4i)
b. concilium - an association, asseri'bl7(4f )
c. Calendae - the day when the order of days v/as proclairaed,
the Calends,
d. calumniari - to accuse falsely
e» clamor - a call, shout
f , clangor - sound, clang
g. lamen turn (clajnen turn) - a v/ailing, moaning
h. nomenclator - one who calls a person or thing by name
i, classis - a class (a d.ivision of the assembled people by
Servius Tullius ) •
j. clarus - clear, bright (4e)
k. cornix - a crow
1. corvus a a raven
German Root-Derivatives:
a. Hall - soujid, resonance
b, hallen - to sound resound, clang (3a)
c« hell - clear, distinct, ringing
d. holer. - to fetch, catch
e, klar - clear, easy to be ujiderstood(3j) (borrowed)
f. Konlclave - conclave (3b) (borrov/ed)
g, laden - to invite, summon
I
30
XXIII. ICi^L(IIAL)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
h. Scliall - sound, ring, peal
1. scliallen - to sound, re sound (5a)
j. Schelle - a little bell, manacle
k. schellen - to ring, ring the bell
!• schelten - to reproach, to call, to nickname
33
XXIV. mi(iLu:)
1. Origin: 'IGl' are consonants denoting cavity und flexirre.
2. Lleaning: to bend,
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. cama - a snail bed near the ground
b. camella - a v/ine goblet
c. camera - a vault, arch(4g)
d. Camilla - a circling breeze
e. camillum - a cavity (in architecture)
f . camlllu§ - acolyte, noble child
g. caminus - a fiirnace, forge (4f)
h. campus - a river-bend (where floods prevent forest grov/th,
whence Campania and Capua) .
i. camurus - crooked, turned inv/ards
j, caperare - to contract, wrinlcle
k. caprago - a plant
1. c ombre turn - a kind of rush
ra. cubitum - the elbow
n. cube - to recline
o. cumulus - round heap
p. cumera - a cliest, box, basket
q. cupa - a tub, cask
4. Crorman Root-Derivatives:
a. Hamme - hind-leg
b. Haraen - draw-net
XXIV. i:ah(hai,i)
German Root-Derivatives:
c. heinmen - to check, stop
d. Hiinmel - heavens, canopy
e. Hiifte - hip, haunch
f. Kamin - chimney, fireside (3g) ( borrowed)
g. Kammer - bedroom, chamber (3c) (borrowed)
:{XV. KAP(IiAF)
Origin: 'KP' are consonantG denoting enclosure; fitness for
holding ir,;plies a sense or enclosure.
Leaning: to contain, hold, seize, grasp
Latin Hoot-Derivatives:
a. an — ceps(amhiceps) - two-headed, doubtful
b. au — oeps (avls-Qfipio) - a bird-catcher
c. mimiceps (munia-capio ) - a citizen
d. particeps (pars-capio) - a participant
e» princeps (primus-caplo) - the first man
f. nanceps (manus-capio ) - a renter, farrner, contractor
g. caper e - take, seize
h. captare - strive to seize
i. capa:c - that can contain or hold nvLch
j, recupere - to get or obtain again
k. capidulvun - a kind of head-covering
1. capillus - the hair of the head
m. capitiurn - a covering for the head
n. capronae (caput -pr onus) - the hair of the head of men and
animals hanging down upon the forehead,
o, caput - the head (4f )
p. capedo - a bov/1 or cup used in sacrifices
q. capula - a srr.all bowl with handles
r. capulus - a tomb
s, cippus - a tombstone
t. caupo - a huckster (4k)
34
XXV. iJlP(HAF)
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
u, cepa(caepa) - onion
V. cibus - food
w. copa - a female tavern-keeper
X. cupa - the handle of an oil-mill (4>^)
y. cuspis - a point, spear, lance
z. capys - a hav/k{4c)
A. caupulus - a kind of small ship
B. capistriira - a muzzle
C. Capitoli-um - Temple of Jupiter
D. caper - a goat
E. habena - a thong, strap
F. hamus - a hook
G. habeo - to have, hold(4a)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. haben - to have, hold(3G0)
b. Hafen - haven, port, harbor
c. Habicht - a ha\7k(3z)
d. haften - to cling to, cleave, adhere to
e. Hand - the hand
f • Haupt - head, leader (3o)
g. heben - lift, raise, heave
h. Heft - haft, handle, hilt(3x)
i» Hof - yard, farm
j. hof fen - to hope, expect
k, kaufen - to buy{3t) (borrowed)
35
aXVI. KAii or I0U:.(I1AL)
1. Origin: 'FJi' and 'IX' are the consonants of up/rrov/th, outgrovrth.
2. Lleaning: to project, stand up, hurl, move, swing.
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. calaiuud - a reed, cane
h. colujnen(culmen) - top, surnr.iit
c. culmus - a stalk, stem
d. colmma - a column, pillar
e. callere - to he callous
f . calluri - the hardened thick skin upon animal bodies
g. colli s - high ground, a hill(4e)
h. callis - a mountain-pass
i. Calpurnius - a Roman nam.e
j. Exquiliae - the largest ol' the seven hills of Rome with
several separate heights.
k. calx - a heel
1. celer - swift, fleet
m. celox - swift, cutter, yacht
n. recellere - to spring back
o. celsus - high, lofty
p. procerus - high, tall, long
q. cerebrum - the brain
r. cervix - a head- joint
s. clava - a staff, club
t. colus - a distaff
u. Clemens - calm, mild (4c)
3G
XXVI. ICAR or IlALdLiE)
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
V. colere - to cultivate
V/. colonus - tiller or the soil
X. incola - a resident
y. inquilimis ( incolinus ) - a sojourner
z. procella - a storri, hurricane
H* querquerus - shivering
B# crinis - hair, the hair of the head.
6. crista - tuft, comh, crest (4g)
D. coluber - a serpent, snal<:e
E. cur r ere - to run(4h)
P. currus - a chariot
G. scurra - an elogant debauchee, buffoon
4. Crernan Root-Derivatives:
a. Holm - hillock, rail
b. Helper - small hillock
c. hold - favorable (3u)
d. heilig - holy, godly, sacred
e. Hiigel - knoll, hill(3g)
f. erholen - restore, rest, unbend
g. Holle - comb, wattle, crest (SCf);
h. Ross - a horse (3E)
37
X}[VII. lCSL(H/iL)
1. Ori.^in: 'KI, ' are the consonants of enclosure.
2* I.leanlng: to hide, cover
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. G-classis - a timic
b. calautica - a covering for the head of women
c. caliendrum - a head-dress worn "by Roman women
d. cticullLis - a covering, cap, hood
e. ancile - a small oval shield
f . clihanarius - a soldier clad in mail
g. clipeus - a shield, protection
h. clacendix - a hind of shell-fish
i. cochlea - a snail
j. celare - to conceal
k. cella - a store-room, cham.oer
1. domic ilium - dwelling, domicile
m. claudo - to shut, close (4d)
n. claustrum - a loch, bar, bolt
o# iilaudus - lame
p. calix - cup, goblet (4h)
q. calim(clam) - secretly, privately
r. clanculumC reduplication of 'clam') - secretly, privately
s. clepo - to steal
t. color - color, hue
u, occulere - to cover over
38
XXVII. i:el iiud.)
5» Latin Root-Derivatives:
V. ciliLim - an eyelid
V/. clavis - a key
X, clavus - a nail
y. caiceus - a shoe, a half -boot
z. caliga - a shoe of leather, especially that worn hy the
Roman soldiers.
A. caligo - mist, vapor
B. calces - leaden "bottles
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. hehlen - to conceal
b. riolle - hell, infernal regions
c. hullen - to wrap up, hide, envelope
d. schliessen - shut, close, locl<:(3m)
e. Schloss - a castle
f . Halle - a hall, public room
g. halt en - to keep back, contain
h. Kelch - cup, go Diet (5p) ( borrowed)
3S
JCTvTIII. KI(III)
1. Origin: 'KI' denotes relaxation, decline.
2. I.Ieaning; to lie down, repose
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. ciraex - a bedbug
b. civis - a citizen
c. lieri - yesterday
d. hesternus - or yesterday(4a)
e. quies - rest, repose
f. quiesco - to rest, be inactive
g. tranquillus - quiet, calm
4. Geman Root-Derivatives:
a. gestern - yesterdayCSd)
b. Ileide - heath, heathen
c. heim - home, homeward
4
XXIX. LAGII(LAG)
1. Origin: 'DI' denote relaxation.
2, Lleaning: to lie clovm
5. Latin l;oot-Derivatives :
a. lectica - a litter, sedan
b. lectus - a couch, bed (41))
c. legare - to despatch, depute
d. lex - a bill, law
e. privilegiurn(privus-lex) - a bill or lav; in favor of or
against an individual,
f . suspellex - goods, furniture
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a. Lage - site, position
b. Lager - couch, bed (3b)
c. legen - to lay, put, place
d. liegen - to lie, be recumbent
e. liigen - (set an ambush), deceive, lie
41
XXX. LIK(LIH)
1. Orip;in: 'IJC denote relaxation, softness of liquid.
2. Meaning: to leave, grant, lend
5. Latin Rooy-Derlvatives :
a. colliciae - ^-utters, drains
b. luxus - extravagance
c. licere - to be for sale, to be valued J^d)
d. liceri - to bid at auction
e. pollicrei - to hold forth, offer, promise
f. licet - itis lawful (relaxation of restraint)
g. lixo - to boil
h. elixus - boiled, seethed
i. lixivus - made into 17/e
j. lixa(li^':a) - a sutler
k. li" qtter-g - to leave, depart
1. relinquere - to leave behind
m. reliquuin - residue, rest
n. pollucere - to offer up as sacrifice
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Darlehen - a loan
b. darleihen - to lend out
c. Lehen - fee, feudal tenure
d. leihen - to lend, borrov/(5(j)
e. verleihen - to lend out, grant
f. gleich(geleich) - equivalent, proportionate
r
42
XXXI. LU
1, Origin: 'LU' denote relaxation.
'3' — 'LU' denote removal.
2. Leaning: to cut off, separate, loosen
5. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a • luere - to loose, let go (4c)
b. re--luere - to redeem, take out of pavm
c. lues - a plague, pestilence
d. solvere (se — luere) - to release, set free
e. solutus - unfettered
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a^ Laus - a louse
t). los - loose, slack, released
c. losen - to loosen, untie(3a)
d. verl44ren - to lose
»
43
XXXII. LUBIi(LUB) or LIBIT
1. Origin: 'LP' rlenote force of life; force of life exalted
in desire or pleasure.
2. Meaning: to desire, love
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. liber - free, frank
b. liberare - to nal:e or set free
c. libet - it is pleasing(4b)
d. libertas - the state or condition of a free man
e. libido - pleasure, -desire
f • prolubiiim - will, desire, inclination
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Leben - to be alive, live
b. lieben - to love, cherish(5c)
c. loben - to arjprove, praise
d. Gelubde - a vow
e. glauben - to believe, trust
f . Verlaub - permission, leave
g. Urlaub - leave of absence, furlough
44
7JGaiI.LUK(LUIi)
1. Origin: 'LlTi:^ denote licht.
2. Meaning: to shine, be bright
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. diluculuin - dav/n, daybreak
b, illustris ( illiixtris ) - clear, bright
c, lucellmn - a small gain
d, liicruti - gain, profit (4e)
e. lucere - to be light, to shine (4e)
f . Ivjx - light (4c)
g« lucerna - a lamp
h. lucidus - clear, shining
ii lucubrare - to v/otk by lamp-light
j. lucus - a wood, grove, clearing(4r)
k. lumen (lucinen) - light
1. luna(lucna) - the moon
m. luscus - one-eyed
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Licht - light, bright
b. leuchten - to shine, emit light
c. Lohe - blaze, flame (3f)
d. lohen - to blaze or flare '^'P{oe)
e. Lohn - reward, recompenee (5(3^)
f. Llchtung - a clearing(3j)
I
45
XXXIV. LIA or I.'IAD(l.iiVT)
1. Origin: and 'I.:T' are consonants of coincidence.
2. Lleaning: to mGasirre, shape, conpare
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, rnanuQ - a hand (041")
h, adninic Ilium - prop, stay, support, ( that on which the hand
nay rest) •
c. amuscis - a rule or level
d. raensis - a month(4e)
e. mensura - a measuring
f . me tare - to ineasure
g. metier - to measure, mete
h. messis - a harvest
i. me to - to reap, raovi
j, imm.anis - enormous, immense
k. nirais - beyond measure
1. commodus - that has a due or proper measure
m. modero - to moderate, regulate
n. modestus - keeping due measure
0. modius - the Roman corn measure
p. modus - a measure (due m.easure)
q. mane - the m.orning, m.orn
r. matutinus - belonging to the morning
s. m.ensa - a table
t. m.eta - siny mark at a boundary or limit
u. modeipnus - modern
0
46
XXXIV. MA or i,IAD(lv!AT)
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
V, mos - manner, custom
w, materia - stuff, matter
X. maturus - ripe, mature
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a, Llass - measure, moderation
b, iriessen - to measure, compare
c, Ivlesser - a Imife
d, Miete - mite, rent
e, LConat - month (3d)
f, Mund - mouth, 6rifice(3a)
g, Mond - moon, satellite
m
0
47
XXXV. LIAIv or IvIAGH or I.IAC-(l.JiG or I.iAK)
!• Origin: 'IIIv* are consonants or growth,
2. Meaning: to have power, be great, strong or aole
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a# iTiactus - glorified, honored
b, magis - more
c, magister - the master, chief, head(4e)
d, raagnus - great, large
e, majestas - greatness, grandeur
f , malus - an upright mast, pole
g, mango - a dealer, monger (in slaves or wares to v/hich he
tries to give an appearance of
greater value by adorning them.)
h, moles (raogles) - huge bulk
i, molestus - troublesome
j, mox - soon, directly
4. German Root - Derivatives:
a* machen - to make, create, cause
b. Lladchen - girl, maiden
c. I.Iagd - maid, virgin
d. Menge - great quantity or num.ber
e. Meister - master, chief (3c)
f • mogen - to be willing, to like
g# Ivluhe - trouble, pains
h« imihen - to trouble, grieve
1. bemuhen - to make an effort
0
XXXVI. LIAII or HADH
!• Origin: 'I.n:» are consonants representing the "breath of life
in the nostrils and the being and action of the spirit
of man.
2. I.Ieaning: to thlnl:, learn, heal
3» Latin Root-Derivatives
a, amoenus - pleasant, charming
conmientor - to consider thoroughly
coTmmmico - to impart, communicate
manere - to stay, remain
mas - a male (4b)
ma trimoniuxi- wedlock
mederi - to heal, cure
raeditari - to think or reflect upon
memini - to remember, recollect
mens - mind, heart, soul
mentio - a calling to mind, mention
mentiri - originally, meaning to invent, hence, lie, cheat
metus - fear
mend ax - mendacious, a liar
Llinerva - Goddess of wisdom
monere - to remind, admonish, exhort (4a)
monstrare - rshow, advise
mens t rum - v/arning, prodigy
munus - service, duty, function
1
0
XXXVI. LIAII or I.iADH
German Root-Derivatives
a. mahnen — remind, admonish, e:diort(
b. Mann - man, ma le(3e)
c. meinen - thinly, suppose
d. ilensch human being, man, person
•
XXXVII. LLAR or IvIiiL
Origin: 'LIR' a re consonants of relaxation, weakness
'LIL* are consonants of relaxation, softness
Meaning: to grind, rub, kill, die, to raake dirty
Latin Koot-Derivatives :
a, raalevolus - envious, spiteful
b. malignus - of an evil nature or disposition
c« malitia - ill-will, malice
d. malus - evil, wicked
e» malleus - a hanimer, mallet
f • martulus - a small hammer
g. marc ere - to wither, droop
h» mare - the s ea(4d)
!• milium - millet
j» mola - a millstone
k# molo - to grind in a mill
1. mollis - pliant, flexible (4f)
m. multicius - soft, transparent
n. morio - an arrant fool
o. raorus - a fool
p, mori - to die
q« mors - death
r. mortalis - subject to death
s, morbus - a sickness, disease
t, emolumentum - effort, exertion, labor
51
XXXVII. lIATi or I'-AL
3. Latin :-:oot-Derivatives .
u. imnolare - to offer, to sacrifice, inunolate
V. macula (malocula) - a spot, mark, stain
V/. moleraoniuin - a plant that promotes vomiting
X, mel - honey
y, mortarium - a mortar
z. Kars - the god of V/ar
A. malva - raallows
B« murcidus - s lothful
C. murcus - a cov/ard, who to escape military service
cuts off his thumb •
D. murgiso - a crafty advocate
S, remeligo 4fem) - delayer, hinderer
F. mulier - a v/oman, a fem.ale
G. murex - the purple-fish
4, G-erman Root-Derivatives:
a • Malil ( Llaal ) - meal, repast
b. m.ahlen - to grind, mill
c« malen - to paint, portray
d. Meer - sea, ocean (oh)
e. Mehl - meal, flour
fm mild - soft, tender (31)
g» Marter - rack, torture, torment
h, Morder - murderer
i. Llord - murder, hom.iclde( 3q)
I.Iorser - mortar
k. Ivluhle - m.ill
XXXVII. MAR or LIAL
4, German Root-Derivatives:
1» I.Iuller - railler
m, LIutterriial - birtlmark, raole(of)
n, mlirbe - mellow, tender
o, zermalmen - to grind, to powder, crush
f
if
XJOCVI 1 1 . IvL-\R G ( M^LK )
!• Origin: •IvIT:* arc consonants of friction, roughness
'tX' are consonants of penetration
2, I.Ieanlng: to rub gently, v/ipe, stroke, milk
3» Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, mergus - a diver(a kind of water-f ov/1) (4a)
b, merge - to dip in, irjnerse
c, nuloto(mulco) - to maltreat, injure
d, multa(mulcta) - a fine, mulct
e, mulctrum - a milking-pail
f, mulgere - to milk (4b)
g, mulsa - a term, of endearment , -my sweetheart, m.y honey
h# m.ergae - a two-pronged pitchfork
i. merges - a sheaf
j. marra - a v;eeding-hook
k, amurca - the v;atery part that flows out in pressing
olives
1, margo - an edge, brinlc, border
m, Ilercurius - I.Iercury
n, m.ulceo - soothe, stroke
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a, I.Iark - m.arrow, pulp (3a)
b» melken - to milk, drain (3f)
c» I.Iilch - milk, milt
d. merken - to nark, note, observe
e, ilorgen - tomorrow
XXXIX. NAI;I
1. Ori(;in: 'IJLi' are the consonants of part5.tD.on
2. Meaning: to allot, count out, portion out
3. Latin ■ .oot-Derivatives :
a. ne3"us - a grove
b. Numa - a Roman name
c. nuraero - to count, recl^on
d. nuinerus - a number (4c)
e. numinus - a piece of money, coin
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. angenelim - pleasant
b. nehmen - to take
c. Nummer - nui^-lp r ( od )
9
XL. PA (FA)
Origin: 'P' is the consonant of growth, production, increase
Lleaning: to feed, noLirish, protect
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. compos - having pov/er over
impos - v/ithout power over
posse (potis - smn) - to be able
potis - able, capable
ipse (is - potis) - he, the master himself
pollere (potis - valeo) - to be strong, powerful
hospes (hostis — PA) - he who entertains a stranger,
a host#
sospes (Greek saos - PA) - saviour, deliverer
pabulum - food, nourishjnent
panis - bread, a loaf
pascere - to feed, pasture
pater - a father (4c)
patro - produce, effect
Penates - a storehouse or inner chamber
penetrare - to enter, penetrate
penitus - inward, interior
penus - victuals
Palatiuni - one of the seven hills of P^ome
possideo - be master of, possess
I
I
9
yX. PA(FA)
German Root-Derivatives:
a, Futter - fodder, provender
b, fiittern - to feed
c, Vater - father (51)
XLI. PAD
Origin: 'PD* denote pressure do\Yn , impact
Meaning: to step, fall
Latin i.oot-Derivatives :
a, expedire - to free the feet, extricate
b« impedire(in - pes) - hamper, hinder
c. pes - a foot(4c)
d, tripudiim( ter - pes) - a leaping, jmnping, dance
e« pedule "• a sole
f, petiolus (pediolus) - a little foot, little leg
g, pedica - a shackle, fetter, for the foot (4b)
h, pediculus - the foot-stalk or pedicle of a fruit or le
i, pessuir. - to the ground, dov/n, (toward the feet)
j, oppidum - a to\m
k, petigo - a scab, itch
1. podex - the fundament, anus
m. pecco (pedico) - to offend, sin, err
German Root-Derivatives:
a. Feld - field, plain
b. Fessel - fetter, chainj^Sg)
c« Fuss - foot, footing (3c)
d. Pass - pace, amble, ^^ss
e« Pfote - pav/
f. patschen - to paddle, to patter doTm (of rain), splash
I*
XLII. Pi\K(FAn or FA^t)
Origin: 'P' denotes apposition of correspondents.
'K' denotes adherence.
Meaning: to bind, fasten, fix, hold fast
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. pacisci - to covenant, agree(4f)
h, pactio - an agreeing, covenanting
c» pax - a treaty, peace
d. pages - a structiire, frame
e. paxillus - a small stake, a peg
f . pangere - to fasten, raake fast
g. pecus - cattle, a herd
h. pecu - cattle (4h)
i» peculiim - property, in cattle
j, pecimia - property?", riches
k, pagina - a v/rltten page or leaf, tablet
1, pagus - a place with fixed boundaries, hence,
a district, canton
in. pala(pagla) - a spade
n. pila(pigla) - pillar
o, propago - to set or fasten dovm, a sprout
p. pugil - a boxer, pugilist
q, pugna - a battle
r. pugnus - a fist (4c)
s. pignus - a pledge, security
t. pignero - to give as a pledge
XLIII. PiiL or PAR(FAI.)
Origin: 'PL' denotes pressure up, outward, forv/ard, dovm.
Meaning: to fill, nourish, prepare
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, anplus - filled up, full
b, plenus - full, filled
c, plere - to fill, to fulfill (4b)
d# plus - more
e. locuplcs (locus-plenes) - rich in lands, opulent
f* manipulus (manus-pleo) - a handful, bimdle
g. plebes - the common people
h, populus - the people
!• publicus - belonging to the people
j. pars - a part, portion
k, portio - share, portion
1, parare - prepare, provide
m. vituperare (vltluri-paro) - to accuse of a fault, blame
n. pallia - robe, mantle
o, pallium - a coverlet
p, pellis - a felt, pelt(4a)
q. opiparus - richly furnished
r, polenta - pearl-barley, porridge, (filling)
s. im.perare - to command, order
t, pauper - poor
u, parere - to bring forth
60
XLIII. PiiL or PiJv (FiUL)
3p Latin Root-Derivatives:
v« pelvis - a "basin, laver
v/« pulmo - a Ivmg
X. repsrire - originally, to prociJLre again, hence, to find,
neot v/ith.
y, sirapul'um - a small ladle
:iz» supplementiun - (a filling up, supply)
4. German Root-Derivatives;
a. Fell - skin, hide, fur (3p)
b. fullen - to fill, to fill up, :5c)
c. voll - full, filled
d. viol - much
e. Volk - people, nation
61
XLIV. PAR (FAR)
1. Origin: '?R* are consonants denotinfj; a breaking forth, forr/ard.
2. Meaning: to fare, advance, travel, go thru, experience
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. niiper( novum- PAR) - recently
b. semper (seme It PAR) - at all times
c. porta - a city-gate, entrance
d. portus - an entrance, hence, a harbor port
e. porticus - colonnade
f. prae - before
g. praeter - beyond
h. pro - before (41)
i. porro - forv/ard, onv/ard
j. premo - to press, push forward
k, primus - first
!• prior - former, previous
m. priscus - old, ancient,
n. procer - a chief, noble
0. prodius - farther, omvards
p. pronus - turned forward
q. experire - put to the test
r. periculum - a trial, experiment (4c)
s. peritus - experienced, practised
t. pretiura - value, price, v^hat passes
u. iDercurrere - to run thru
1
XLIV. PAR (PAR)
Latin Root-Derivatives:
v« perperus - defective, wronr, properly, heedl
inconsiderate, hence, faulty.
V/, parina - a shield, target
X, paruuiper - for a short time
y. perendie - day after tomorrov/
z. apportunus - fit, meet, convenient
German Root-Derivatives:
a. erfahren - to experience, to learn
h, Pahrde - danger
c. Gefahr - danger, peril (3r)
d. Gefahrde - risk, danger, fraud
e. fahren - to go, travel, proceed
f • fern - far, distance, remote
g. Fremder - stranger, foreigner
h» frisch - alert, vigorous
i, froinin - honest, excellent
j« vor - "before, because of (5h)
r
63
XLV. P2T (Fi.TH)
1. Origin: 'PT' denotes motion, the breath being passed thru the mutes
and the closure of one of then or both relaxed to i^ive it
v/avering or Indirection.
2, !:eaninc: to fall, fly, find, light on
5. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. acci-]6it-er- the coinmon hawk
b. impetus - an attack, assault
c. passus (patsus) - step, stride (4c)
d. pet ere - to fall upon anything
e. penna(petna} - a v/ing
f • pons - a bridge
g« praepes - flying sv/iftly
h, propitius - favorable, v/ell-disposed
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a# Feder -feather, plume, pen
b» finden - to find, light on
c. Pfad - path (oc)
XLVI. PAT (PATH)
1. Origin: *?T* denote separation, opening out.
2. Meaning: to spread out, lie flat or open,
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, pandus - bent, crooked, gaping
"b. pandere - to unfold, expand
c# pas sun - spread or scattered about, hence, in every
direction.
d. passus - open, extended
e. parere - to lie open
f . patibulurn - a fork- shape c. yoke
g. patina - a broad, shallow dish
h« patior - to suffer, endure
i. patulus - standing open, extended
4« German Root-Derivatives:
a. ?aden - thread, fathom
b« Pfanne - pan, caldron
c. Pfanner - proprietor, of salt v/orks
r
65
XL VI I. pl;jc or plag(fl;j:)
1. Origin: 'PL' are consonants of impact
2. Meaning: to bind, fold
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. ainplector - to v/inci or tv/ine around
"b, duplex(duo-plico) - tv/o-foid, double
c, plap-a - region, quarter
d« plangere - to strike, beat
e. plangor - a striking
f. plectere - to plait, braid, interv/eave
g. plicare - to fold(4g) (4h)
h. plaudo - to clap, strike
i« sepelio - to bury, inter
j. sepulchrum - tomb, sepulchre
k, simplex - simple, plain (4a)
1, supplicium - a public prayer
m# supplicare - to beg humbly
n, supplex - humbly begging or entreating
o. planta - any vegetable production that serves to
propagate the species, a sprout, shoot,
twig.
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a, einfach - simple, single (3k)
b# Fache - the breaking of fur or wool v/ith the bow
XL VI I. PL/J: or FLAG (FLAK)
German Root-Derivatives:
c, flach - flat, 'plain, level
d, Flachs - flax
e, Falz - fold, f-urrov;, p-roove
f, Falto - crease, v"rlnl?:le
g, falten - to fold, plait (3g)
h, flechten - to plait, braid, twist (3g)
i, folgen - to follow, attend
j, pragen - to seal
0
XLVIII. PL U (FLU)
i. Origin: 'PL* are consonants denoting softness, relaxation,
weakness .
2# L:eaning: to fl:', swiia, float, flo-iv
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, perplovere - to rain thru
b, pluit - it rains
c, pluvia - rain
d, plorare - to cry out
e, poples - the harii of the knee, hough
f« pluma - a small, soft feather
g, plaustrujn - a v/agon, v/ain
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a, fliegen - fly, rush, flow
h, fliehen - flee, hasten:'. away
c. Floh - a flea
d. Flotte - fleet, navy
e. Flut - flood, inundation
68
XLIX. PRAJ'.(FRAH)
1, Origin: »PR' denotes tension of desire, force of life
2, Meaning: to pray, as!:, demand
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, poscere (porscere ) - to ask for urgently
postulare - to demand, request
c. precari - to ask, beg(4c)
d. precarius - dependen^r on entreaty
e. prex - a prayer, request, entreaty
f. proco - to ask, demand
g. procus - a v;ooer, suitor
h« procax - bold, impudent
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a. flehen - to implore, beseech
b. forschen - to inquire, investigate
c. fragen - to ask, inquire (oc)
d« froh - glad, joyous
L. RAEII or LABlUlUB or T,AB)
Orircin: '.a3' are the consonants of growth
'LB' denote "i rro ^nJ.':r ^^otion, qu:' cl-' ^oti.on
Teaningj to seize, lay liolo. or, v;ork, be vehement
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a.
albus -
white ( 4b )
v.
D .
aroor -
a tree
c .
aroilla
- oil of the body
arvina -
grease, fat
e •
arDuttis
- the v/ild sfcrav/berry tree
f .
laDiiun -
a iip(4c)
labriun -
a lip
il.
labor -
toil, exertion
i •
labrusca
- the v/ild -vine
j •
laburniim
- the broad-leaved beantrefoil
lainbo -
to lick, lap
1.
Imibricus: - an intestino.l v/orm
ni.
liimbiis -
£. loin
n.
lepus -
a hare
0.
lyiiiplio -
•to riake mad
p.
rabere -
to rave, be mad
.q.
rabies -
rage, madness
r ,
rabic.us
- raving, furious
s .
rabuia -
a brawling, v/rangling advocate
t.
rapiB".- -
a turnip, rape
u.
repens -
sudden, hasty
70
L. RABH or LABIi(KABor: LAB)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Arbeit - v/orlc, la'oor, toil
b. Elbe - SI be (River) (3a)
c. Lippe - lip, mortise (of)
d. Loffel - spoon
LI. RAG(RAK)
Origin: 'RK' are consonants of tension
Meaning: to stretch out, reach
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, errolere^o) - in consequence of, on account o
b, erigere - to raise or set up
c, erga(erega) - over against, opposite
d, expergiscor (experregiscor ) - to be av/al^ened
e, expergo - to av/aken, rouse up
f, rectus - straight, upright (4c)
g, regere - to guide, direct
h, regie - direction
i, regnuia - kingship, royalty (4h)
j, rogare - to ask, question
k. rogus - a funeral pile
1, rex - a ruler, a king
m, rigeo - to stiffen
n, rigidus - inflexible, rigid
o. porrigo (porgo - pro-rego) - reach out, extend
p, surge - to raise, erect
q, regula - ruler, rule
German Root-Derivatives:
a. ragen(poetical ) - project, stand out
b, rechnen - to ranli, count
LI. RAG(KaK)
German Hoot-Derivatives
c. recht - ri^ht, straigjit ( 3f )
d. Reck - horizontal bar
e. recken - stretch, extend
f . reich - plentiful, rich
g. reichen - to reach
h. Reich - kingdom, realm(oi)
i« Richter - judge, magistrate
richtig - right, accurate
k. errichten - to erect, raise
I
75
LII. RI or Li
1, Origin: 'HI' and 'LI' aenote friction
2, Meaning: to rim, let flow, pour
3# Latin Koot-Derivatives :
^•9
delere
- to abolj. sh, destroy
b.
delibuere - to besmear, anoint
0 •
lib are
- to pour out in honor
d.
Liber -
an old Italian deity
e .
libtuTi -
a pancake of meal made
f .
limax -
a slug, snail
g«
limns -
mud, m.ire
li •
linea -
a string, f isliing-line
i.
line re
- daub, besmear
j-
lippus
- blear - eyed
li .
liquere
- to be fluid or liqui
1.
liqtli-
melt, dissolve
m.
littera
- a letter
n.
litns -
the sea- shore
0.
ripe -
the banl-c of a stream
p.
ritus -
a religious ceremony
rivns -
a brook
LII. hi or LI
German Root-Derivatives:
a, lackieren - lacVer, varnish(5k)
Id, Leber - liver
c, LeiiT. - adhesive substance, glue
d, lecken - to run, trickle out, li
e, reilDen - to rub, grate, grind
75
LIU. SA
1. Origin: 'SA' denote flajcure, intertextiire
2. Meaning: to be full, sow, strew, s ift
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. sat - enough (4e)
b. sati - sufficient
c. satullo - to satisfy, satiate
d. satur - sated
0, saturo - to fill, glut, clay
f, sata - standing corn, crops (4b)
g, satio - a sov/ing, a planting
h, semen - seed (4c)
1, 3ero(ses-fo) - to sow, plant (4a)
saeculum - race, breed, generation of mankind
k. sitis - thirst
1. situla - water-bucket (always dripping)
rn, situs - over-moisture, mold
n, satira - a satire
o, satura - a dish filled with various kinds of fruits
(hodge-podge) .
p. Saturnus - the god of Agriculture
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a, saen - to sow(3i)
b. Saat - sowing, seed, standing corn(5f)
c
e
LIII. SA
4. German Root-Derivatives:
c, Sane - seed, sperm, spa7m(3h)
d, Sanerei - seeds:
e, satt - filled to satiety(3a)
f • Semmel - roll ol' v/heaten flour
g, Sieb - sieve
h, sieben - to sift
i, sieden - to boil
j, gesattip-t - unsatecl, not saturated
6
LIV. SAL
Origin: 'SL' denote irregular motion.
Leaning; to go, hasten, flov/, spring forward
Latin Hoot-Derivatives:
a. sal - the salt v/ater, brine, sea (4c)
b. salarinrn - originally, the money given to soldiers for
salt, salt-m.oney, in general, pension, sa^-ar
c. salsamentum - salted, food or sals amen
d. salsugo - saltness, salt water
e« salum - the open sea, the main
f. salsaticfund.L. ) - sausage
g. in-sula - an island, isle
h. salire - to leap, spring, salt, sprinkle (4d)
i. saltare - to dance
j. salax - lustful, lecherous, salacious (fond of lea.ping)
k. salebra - a jolting place'. in a road, unevennground
1, saltus - a leap, spring, bound
m. Salii - a college of dancing priests at Rome
n. serum - Y/hey, serum
o. salaputiurn - a humorous appellation for a tiny man,
a manikin
German iioot-Derlvatives :
a. Schv/ellen - to sv/ell, heave
b. Schwulst - swelling, tutrior
c. Salz - salt, wit (3a)
d. salzen - to salt, picjcle(oh)
e. versalzen - to spoil with salt
LV. SAM
Origin: 'SII' expresses jiinction or tv/o, or comprehension
on "both sides .
I.ieaning: together, together v/ith
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, semel - once, a single time
b, singuli - one to each, separate, single
c, similii - at the same time, together
d, sinul - at the same time, at once
e# ser.ii - half
f, siniilis - lilre, resem-hling
g, santerna - borax or raountaln-green prepared for
soldering gold
h« simulare - to imitate, copy
i, semper - alv/ays
j, siniiltas - dissension, enmity (contest)
Germ-an Root-Derivatives:
a. sammelu - gather, collect, a m.ass (of things)
b, sammt(samt) - together with, along with
c, samtlich - o.ll together, collectively
d. versammelTtt - to assem-ble (of people)
e# zusamjnen - together, jointly
LVI. 3ED
Orip-in: 'SD' are consonants of relaxation, quietude
Meaning: to sit, set
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a« clesGs - indolent, lazy
"d. reses - inactive, inert
c# sediilus - diligent, industrious
d, sedare - to allay, settle, stay
e, sidere - sit dovm, settle (4f)
f. sedes - a seat, bencli (4b)
g. sedile - a seat, bencli, stool (41))
h. sella (sedla) - a seat, chair
i, solium - a seat
j. sessio - session (4e)
!<:• sodalis - an intimate, coriirade
1, possido (pono-SSDEC) - to take possession of
m, soleo - to "be accustomed
n, con-silium - deliberation, consultation
o, Gx-sul - exile
p. ex-ilium - banishment
Germ.an Root-Derivatives:
a, sesshaft - settled., stationary
b, Sessel - seat, arm-chair (3f) (og)
c, setzen - to place, set
f
LVI. SED
G-erman Root-Derivatives:
d. Sitte - custon, habit, usaf^e
e, Sitz - sitting, seat, residence (3j)
f, sitzen - to sit, remain (3e)
g, Sattel - saddle (borrowed from Celtic)
h. an-siedeln - to settle, colonize
i. Einsiedler - hermit, recluse
LVII. SKAD (SKA.T) SKU
1. Origin: 'KT' denote enclosure, intertextiire
2. Meaning: to cover
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, creper - dusky, dark
Id, crepusculura - twilight, dusk
c. obscurus - dark, obscure
d. cetra - a short Spanish shield
e. scutum - an oblong shield
f. catinus - a bov/1, dish, pot
g. cista - a wooa.en box or basket
h. scutra - a flat tray, dish
i. carabus - a small v/icker-boat covered v/ith raw hide
j. coriurn - skin, hide, leather
k# cutis (scutls) - the skin (4f)
1, corylus - a hazel or filbert shrub
m« cracca - a kind of pulse, perhaps v/lld vetch
n, cassis - a helmet
o, crepiculum - a head-dress
p, crepida - a shoe, sandal
q. crepido - pedestal, base
r. excetra - a snake, serpent
s, squama - the scale (of a fish, serpent)
t, casa -hut., cabin, shed (4d)
u. codex - log, roil, scroll
0
82
LVII. SICAD (SI^AT) - SKU
3« Latin Root-Derivatives:
V, castanea - a chestnut-tree
v;. castrnrn - castle fort, fortress
X. cijistos - a guard, overseer (4p)
y. cadus - a jar, jug (4h) (4a)
z. carina - the Ireel of a ship
A. Cauda - the tail of animals
B. caurus - the north-v;est v/ind
C. costa - a rib, wall
D. crumena - a small money-purse
E. scutica - a lash, whip
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a, Hut - hat, protection, shelter (3t)
b, Ilaus - house, residence
c, liutte - cottage, tent, tabernacle (5t)
d, huten - to watch, guard
e, Kasten - box, chest (borrowed) (3g)
f, Ilaut - hide, sl^in (5k)
g, Ileer - army, host, multitude
h, Kessel - caldron, boiler (borrowed)
i, Schatten - shadow, shade, shelter
j, Schauer - shed, shelter
k, Schauer - shovver (of rain), storm
1, Schanze - bulwark, intrenchment
0^
LVII. SlJ^.D (SICAT) - SKU
German Root-Derivatives:
ra. Schatz - treasure, store
n, Schild - shield, buckler
o. Schuh - shoe
p, Schutze - guard, Y^atchman (3x)
q, schiitzen - to protect, guard
r« Ilort - hoard, treasure
LVIII. SIIAP - SKA
Origin: »KP' are consonants or friction
I.Ieaning: hew, cut, chop, scratch
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. capus (capo) - a capon
b, scaber - rough, scabrous
c# scabies - scurf, itch
d, scabo - scr?.tch (4b)
e, scapha - a skiff (Cf. Eng. cutter)
f, scobis - sav/dust, scrapings
g, scopae - twigs, a brooin
G-errr:an Root-Derivatives:
a# kappen - to piece, chop
b. schaben - to scrape, scratch (3d)
c« schaffen - to create, produce
LIX. Sla^R OR SrJUL
1. Orlrin: denote friction, rou^jh resistance, rough
surface .
2. lleanlng: to shear, cut, cleave, scratch, dig
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. caelo - carve, engrave
b. scalpo - to scratch, engrave
c. scalpeilum - a small Imife
d. scribo - to write, scratch, engrave
e. cerno - to separate, sift, hence, to discern
f. discrimen - an intervening space, separation
g. calvus - "bald (4a)
h. crines - (parted) hair
i. cincinnus - a loci: or curl of hair
j. crlDum - a seive, riddle
k. crimen - verdict, judgment
1, carere - to he cut off fron, to lack
m. carpo - to pluck off, cull
n. cortex - Dark, rind, shell, hull (4c)
o, culter - a pi ough^^ share
p. curis - a spear
q. curtus - shortened, broken (4b)
r. carinare - to abuse, revile
s. carrainare - to card
t. carex - reed-grass
u. in-colur;iis - uninjured, safe
86
LIX; 3KAR or SKAL
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
V. scaurus - with large and swollen ankles
w. scortum - a harlot, prostitute
X. scrutor - to poke into, examine (4n)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. kahl - bare, bald, naked (3g)
b. kurz - concise, short (3q)
c. Schale - shell, skin, peel(3n)
d. scharben - to chop, mince, cut
e. scharf - sharp, acute
f. schalen - scale, shell, peel
g. scharren - to scrape, scratch
h. Schere - scissors, shears
i. scheren - shear, clip
j, Scherbe - fragments(of glass, earthenware); scarf (of timber)
k, schielen - have an eye to, tal^e aim, squint
1. schreiten - to stride, step, stalk
m, schiiren - rake(the fire), poke, prod(3x)
n. Scharre - raking, scrapings
LX. SKAW
1. Origin: 'SKW 'denote concavity, enclosure, curvature.
2. Meaning: to look, perceive, see, bev/are of
3. Latin-Derivatives:
a. scio- to know, see (4a)
b. scisco - to seek to knov/, search, inquire
c. scitus - shrewd, wise, acute
d. cur a - carefulness, thought, concern
e. causa - a cause, reason; properly, that which is
defended or protected.
f . cautio - wariness, precaution
g. cavere - to be on one's pniard, beware (4c)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. schauen - to look at, gaze upon, see (3a)
b. scheu - shy, timid
scheuen - to fear, shun(3g)
d. schon - beautiful, fine, lovely
e • schon - already
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LXI; SPA or SPAN
1. Origin: 'SP' denote separation, tension of desire, force of life.
2. Meaning: to draw out, extend, increase
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. prosper - favorable, fortunate
b. pannus - a cloth, garment
c. sapinus - a kind of fir or pine-tree
d. spatim - room, space
e. specus - cavity, chasm, den
f . speleum - a cave, den
g. spelunca - a cavern
h. spelta - spelt
i. spes - the expectation of something desired, hope
j. spondee - to promise solemnly, pledge
k, studere - to stive after, pursue
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. spalten - to split, slit
b. Spann - instep
c. Span - split, disagreem.ent
d. spannen - to span, strain, stretch
e. Spindel ( Spille ) - spindle
f. Spinne - spider
g. spinnen - to spin
h. Gespenst - specter, apparition
i. widerspenstig - refractory, unruly
j, Fahne - flag, troop, squadr6n, press-slip ( typographical)
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LXII. SPAR or SPAL
1. Origin: 'PR' or 'PL' denote separation or the means of separation
2. Meaning: to quiver, jerk, struggle, kick, fling, flutter, part
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. spolium - skin o:' hide of an animal
b. popular! - to destroy, ruin, spoil
c. pale a - chaff
d. palpebra - an eyelid
e. palpito - to pant, throb
f. palpo - to stroke
g. palpus - the soft palm of the hand
h. papilio - a butterfly, moth
i. pario - to bear J ( quiver, be in labor pang)
j. pellere - to strike, knock
k. pila - game of ball (4a)
1, pollis - fine flour
m, populus - the poplar-tree (4c)
n. pulex - a flea
o. pulpitum - scaffold, platform, pulpit
p. puis - a thick pottage
q. pulvis - dust, powder
r, pulpa - the fleshy portion of animal bodies
s. sparus - a hunting spear (4e)
t» spernere - sever, separate (4g)
u. spurius - spuriuos child (kicked away)
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LXII. SPAR or SPAL
1. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Ball - ball, r^lobe, sphere (3k)
b. fiihlen - to be sensitive to, to be impressed by
c. Pappel - the poplar ( .3m) (borrovired )
d. Sparren - spar, rafter
e. Speer - lance, spear(3s)
f . Sperre - blockade, obstruction
g. sperren - to stretch out or asunder, to shut, barricade (3t)
h. Spur - trace, track
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LXIII. STA
1, Ori'-in: 'ST' denote stand, stationary, firm, hard
2, Ivieaning: to stand
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. stare - to stand still(41)
b. statio - a standing (4n)
c. stator - servant, messenger
d. status - mode or way of standing
e. statim - firmly, steadily, on the spot, at once(4h)
f . sterilis - unfruitful, barren
g. stabilis - firm, steadfast
h. stabulum - a standing-place, abode
i. statera - a steel-yard, a balance
j. superstitio - originally, a standing still over a thing,
hence, v/onder, fear
k. sistere - to cause to stand, to place
1. in-stauro - to repeat, renew, restore
m. re-s-stauro - to restore, repair
n, praesto - to stand in front
o, praestolor - to stand ready for, wait for
p. satellis - an attendant upon a distinguished person,
especially, a prince
q. stagnura - a piece of standing v/ater, swamp
r. destina - a support, stay
s. stipes - a gift, donation
t. stipula - a stalk, stem(4c)
u. stipa - the coarse part of flax
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LXIII. STA
.3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
V. starjen - v/arp, thread
V/, in-star - sketch, image, reseriblanoe
X, stiria - a frozen drop, icicle
y. st41idus - unjnovable, hence, slow
z. stupere - to be stunned, astonished
A. stultus - foolish, simple
B, stiva - a plough-handle
C, tibia ( stibia) - the large shin-bone, tibia
D. taurus - a bull, ox, steer (4r)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Stab - staff, stick
b. Stamm - stem, trurJc, stalk
c. Stapel - stake, staple, bearri(3t)
d. Stock - stick, cane
e. Stoppel - stubble
f. Stollen - foot (of a bedstead); prop, post
g. Starr - stiff, rigid
h. st'at - fixed, stable, constant(5e)
i. statarisch - standing, progressing slov/ly,
exegetical ( of lectujres)
1. still - still, motionless
k. stolz - proud, arrogant, stately
1, stehen - to stand (3a)
m. stellen - to post, station
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LXIII. STA
Crerman Root-Derivatives:
n. Statt - place, stead, lieu(3b)
o. Stellage - stand, position
p. stets - steadily, constantly
q. Stein - stone, rock
r. Stier - bull, stier(3D>
s. Stuhl - seat, chair, stool
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LXIV. STAG(STAK)
1. Origin: • (S)1?0' are consonants of enclosure.
2. Meaning: to cover, thatch, roof over
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. praetextus - covered, concealed (pretense )
b. stega - the deck of c. shiii(4b)
c. tegere - to cover (4c)
d. tectum - a covering, a roof (4a)
e. teges - a covering, mat
f. teguluiri - a covering, roof, thatch
g. toga - a covering, garment
h. tunica (feognica) - an undergarment of the Romans
i. tuguriurn - a hut, cottage
j, tignum - a log, beam
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a, Dach - roof, shelter, cover (3d)
b. Deck - cover, ceiling, roof (3b)
c. decken - to cover, protect (3c)
d. d.ick - big, thick, fat
e, dicht - close (in texture), thick, dense
f , Gedeck - covering, set of table linen
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LXV. STAG(STAK, STANG, STAIIK) .
1. Ori.fTln: ' (S)TK' denote contact with adherence.
Secondary root 'TAIv' denotes enduring, squeezing,
2. Meaning: to thrust against, touch, smite, strilco, snell, stink
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. tangere - to touch(4a)
b. taxare - to touch shar]^ly, to feel, handle
c. integer - untouched, unhurt
d. tagax - light-fingered, thievish
e. contactus - touch, contact
f. contagiura - infection, contagionr
g. cont amino - to bring into contact, mingle
h. tingo - to wet, moisten
i. tongeo - to thin^(4b)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Dank - thanl:s, reward(hand-clasp) ( 3a)
b. denken - to think, form an idea of (oi)
c. dunl^en - to seem, look, appear
d. Gedachtnis - memory, rem.em.brance
e. Ding - thing, matter
f . drangen - to press, crowd
g. dringen - to press forward, pierce
h. stinlcen - to stink
LXVI. STAR
1, Oriftin: 'STR' are consonants of friction represented, as a
series of adjacent contacts in strewing,
2, Meaning: to strew, spread out
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. consterno - to cover by strewing
b. indu-Gt±iiis - building within, hence, active, diligent
c . in-strunientuin - an implement of any kind
d. latus(01d Latin stlatus) - broad, wide
e. locus ( " stlocus) - a place, spot
f. stellaC sterula) - a star(4a)
g. sternere - to spread out(4g)
h. store a - a straw-mat, rush-mat (4i)
i. strages - a throv/ing to the ground
j, stragulum - rug, carpet
k, stramen - strav , litter (4f)
1. stramentum - that which serves for spreading
m.. stratus - a spreading, strewing(4c)
n. struere - to place by or upon each other
0. strues - a heap, pile
p. lis(3tlis) - strife, dispute, quarrel (4h)
q, struma - a scrofulous tumor
r. torus ( s torus) - a knot, bulge
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LXVI. STAR
German Root-Derivatives:
a. Stern - star, v/hite spot(3f)
b. Steiier - rudder, helm
c. Strasse - street, road, thoroughfare (3m)
d. Strecke - distance, road
Qf strecken - to stretch, extend, spread
f. Streu - litter, (bed of straw) (ok)
g. streuen - strew, scatter(3g)
h. streiten - to wrangle, disagree, struggle (
i. Stroh - straw, thatch (oh)
Sturm - storm, tumult
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LXVII. STIG(STIK)
Origin: 'STIl * are consonants of stiff pressure, impact.
Meaning: to stick or pierce^' to sting, prick, assail,
ascend, climb
Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. di«.Btingtiere - to separate, divide
b. inter-stin£niere- to separate, mark off
c. in-stinguero - instigate, incite
d. instigare - urge, stimulate, stir up (4b) (4c)
e. stilus( stiglus) - a stake, pale(4i)
f. stimulus ( stigmulus) - goad, spur
g. instinctus - instigation
h. vestigiutn - ( vetus-stigium) - footstep, track
German Root-Derivatives:
a. ersticken - to stifle, sviffocate, smother
b. stechen - to prick, pierce, sting(3d)
c. stecken - to stick, fix(od)
d. Steg - foot-path, narrow path
e. Steig - path, steep or narrow way
f . steigen - to mount, ascend
g. steil - steep, bluff
h. Stich - pricking, puncture, thrust
1. Stichel - style, graving-tool ( 3e)
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LXVIII^ SV/AR
1. Origin: *S"-T?' denote utterance of sound from the throat
over the tongue.
2. Weaning: to murmur, hum, buzz, spealt
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. ab-surdus - out of tune, harsh
b. sorex - a shrew-mo|;se
c. susurro - a whisperer, tale-bearer
d. susurrus - a humming, murmuring
e. susurro - to huni, buzz(4f)
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Schwarm - swarm, crowd
b. schv/armen - to swarm, fly about
c. schwirren - to whiz, whir, buzz, hum
6.0 schworen - to swear, tal^e an oath
e. Schwur - swearing, oath, vot/
f . surren - to hum, buzz(3e)
g. summen - buzz, hum
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LXIX. TAII(THAW)
1, Origin: *TT! ' , 'T ' , 'TP ' denote tension, extension of space or tine,
2, Meaning: to stretch
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. os-tendo - to stretch out or spread before one
b. tendere - to stretch, distend (4a)
c. tendicula - a little stretcher
d. tentare - to try the strength of
e . tentoriim - tent
f . tenus - lengthwise, to the end
g. destine - set arrow on string, aim
h. antenna - a sail-;-ard
1, attinae - stones built up like a wall for a boundary marh
j. pristinus - original, primitive
k. protinus - forward, onv;ard
1. portentum - a sign, portent
m, temperies - temperature, Jjenper
n. teinpestas - season, period
o, tenpus - a portion or period of time
p, annotinus - a year old, of last year
q. annus (atnus) - periodical return, year
r. tenor - an uninterrupted course, career
s, taberna - a hut, shed
t. tabula - a ":oard, planl^
u. tabes - dv/indling, consumption
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LXIX. taiKtha..)
5, Latin Root-Derivatives:
V, tabum - a plague, pestilence
w, taeda *> the pitch pine-tree
x# taediuri - r/eariness
y, talla - a peel or coat of an onion
z. tener - soft, delicate
A. tenuis - thin, rare, fine (4b)
B. tenere - to hold, keep
C. tinea - a gnav/ing v/orm
D» tiniaria - a plant
2, tinnio - to ring, tingle, vibrate
titio - fire-brand
G, tono to thunder (4d)
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a, delinen - to stretch, extend (31))
b, diinn - thin, fine(oA)
c, dienen - to serve, assist
d, donnern - to thunder (3G)
e» Donnerstag - Thursday
f. Thor -(god of thunder in Scandinavian mythology)
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Lx:<:, TAiiS(Tiiia-[S)
!• Orlf^in: ' iR 'ancl. 'TS' are consonants of friction, roughness
2. Ileaning: to "be dry, to thirst
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, terra - land, {ground
b, testa - a piece of tinmed clay
c, testu - an earthen pot
d, testudo - a tortoise-shell
e, torrere (tor sere) - to dry, parch (4c)
f • torrens - biirning, inflamed; also, a mountain stream
dr^^ in siimmer
g, torridus - dried up, parched
h, t orris - fire-brand
i, tristis - (v/ithered), grieved, sad
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a, durr - dry, arid, lean (3a)
b. Durst - thirst
c» dursten - to be thirsty(3e)
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LXXI. WA
1. Origin: »WA' denotes breath, air expressed softly v/ith spirants,
but more strongly v/iyh mutes pressing or breaking forth.
2. Meaning: to blow, breathe
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. aura - a breath of air
b# aer - the air
0. vannus - a fan
d, ventus - v/ind(4d)
e, voveo(vo-veo) - to vow, promise solerimly
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. 'Vehe - drift (of snow)
b. wehen - to blow, v/ave
c. Wetter - weather, air, storm
d. Wind - wind (3d)
e» Winter - winter
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LXII. \VAG(WAK) - ^VUKTAUK) - V/AKS(WAHS)
1. Origin: 'V.TC are consonants denoting tension of energy,
2. Meaning: to "be strong, vigorous or watchful, v/ake, increase
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, augere - to increase, to nourish
b, auxilium - help, aid
c, augustus - majestic, august
d, vegere - excite, arouse
Op vegetus - vigorous, active
f • vigere - to be lively, vigorous
g. vigil - av/ake, on the vvatch(4a)
h. vigilo - to watch, be wakeful (4c)
i. vix - hardly (with effort)
j. victima - a beast for sacrifice
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a, wach - av/ake, on the alert (3h)
b« V/ache - guard, watch
c, wachen - to watch, be awake, to guard (3i)
d, Y/achter - watcliinan
e, Wachs - wax
f • wachsem - to grow, v/ax, increase
3
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LXIII. ',VAGH(?/AG)
1. Origin: 'V.QC' are consonants denoting pressure of support, effort,
force, density, impact.
2. Meaning: to carry, remove, v/ag
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, vena - a blood-vessel, vein
b, vectigal - a toll, tax, impost
c, vectis - a strong pole or bar, a lever
d, vehere - to bear, carry
e, vehes - a cart-load, v;agon-load
f • vehiculuni - a carriage, conveyance (4d)
g, vexare - to shalce, agitate (4e)
h, vexillurn - a military ensign, banner, flag
i, via - a v/ay, road, path(4f)
4. German Root-DerivativesS^^
a. VlOige " balance, weighing machine
b. v/agen - to weigh, poise
c. wagen - to venture, risk
d. Wagen - vehicle (of)
e. bewegen - to stir, move, shalce(3g)
f. v/eg - v/ay, road, course (3i)
g. Y/iegen - to weigh, move gently
h. Wicht - wight
i. wichtig - v/eighty, important
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LXIV. WAI^'.VAH) or '.7AG(V;iJ0
!• Origin: denote free undirected motion expressed by the free
current of breath v;ith its forcible passage in the mute.
2« Meaning: to bend, sv/erve, go crookedly, totter, nod, wink
3« Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, vacillare - to sv/ay to and fro
b, vagor - to stroll about, go to and fro
c, vagtis - rambling, roving
d, vagire - to cry, squall
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a, v/alen - to vacillate (of the magnetic needle)
b» Wange - cheek
c« 'Vankelmut - vacillation, inconstancy
d, wanken - to stagger, waver, totter,
e« V/inlc - wink, nod
f • wlnl^en - wink, beckon
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LXV. V/AL
1» Origin:'".'!* denote tension of desire or v/ill or expectation
breaking forth to its object.
2, Meaning: to choose, to like, to v/ill
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. malo(magis-volo) - to prefer
b. nolo (ne-volo) - to be imv/illing
c. valeo - to be determined, strong
d. valetudo - state of health
e. valor - value
f. vel(velle) - (take irour choice), (as you please)
g. volo - to wish, v/ant(4e)
h. volupe - agreeably, to one's satisfaction
i. voluptas - satisfaction, enjo^rment
j • vol unt as - f r ee -v/i 11, cho i c e ( 4b )
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a. wahlen - to choose, elect
b. Wille - Y/ill, volition(3i)
c. willen(in ura willen) - for the sake of
d. v;ohl - Y/ell
e. v/ollen - to wish, v;ill(5g)
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LXVI. '.VAN
1, Origin: ''VN' denote tension of desire, hope, expectation, purpose
tov/ards its objeclJ or reachinp; its object,
2, Meaning: to honor, love, strive, to get, try to v/in
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. bonus(dvi-Fonus) -(duonus) -(bonus) - (twice desirabl^i), good
b. veneo (venwn-eo) - to be sold
c. vendo ( venui'.i- do) - sell, vend
d. venum - sale
e. venerari - to v/orship, adore
f • venor - to himt, chase
g, vindex - a claimant, protector
h, venia - complaisance, indulgence
i, venustas - loveliness, charm
j. venustus - charming, lovely
k. Venus - the goddess of Love
1. vinnulus - delightful, sv/eet
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a. gewinnen - to fight, vvin
b. gev/ohnen - to accustom, train, brealc in
c. v/ohnen - to dv/ell, live
d. Wunsch - wish, desire
e. wiinschen - to wish, long for
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LXVII. "JAR or '7AL
!• Origin: '".'R* or *Y/L' denote energy which issues in force,
2, Meaning: to cover, surround, protect, guard, be v/ary, observe, see
3# Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, ornare - to equip, prepare
b, revoreor - to regard, respect
c, vallura - a palisade, rarapart{4g)
d, vallus - a stake, peg
e, vellus - ;vool shorn off (41)
f , villosus - hairy, shaggy
g, villus - a tuft of hair
h, verbena (vorvena) - a sacred plant (wreathed)
1. velujn - a cloth covering
j. violo - to treat with violence
k. ulcisci ( volcisct ) - to tal:e vengeance on
1, vis (vires) - stren^tih, forces
m. vervex - a v/ether
n. vereri - to fear, to be afraid
4. German Root-Derivatives :
a. Gev/alt - power, force, authority
b. Gewahr - custody, safe-keeping
c. gewahr (werden) - to perceive, become av;are of
d. wahr (nehjiien) - to perceive, look after
e. wahren - to notice, observe, guard
f . 'J7ehr - defence, protection
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LXVII. V/AR or V.'AL
4. Gerrian Root-Derivatives:
g. V/all - rampart, mound (3c)
h. Y/arten - to v/ait , be on the look-out
i. warnen - to v;arn^ caution
j. werfen - to throw, cast
k. v/ert - worthy, deserving
1. 'Voile - v/ool(.3e)
m, lappen(wlappen) - to wrap
G
Ill
LXVIII. V.'AR or \"AL
1, Origin: ^"JR or 'V,T. ' denote flexure, curvature.
2, Meaninig: to wind, turn, roll; hence to well up, as a spring
3, Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. vertere - to turn(4h)
b. volvere - to roll, turn about (4d)
c. voluto - to roll, turn, twist
d. voltus - face (turning on neck)
0, imltur - a vulture (v/hee ling)
f • verrunco - to turn about
g. versatilis - revolving, movable
h. vermis - v/orri{41)
1. vernina - gripings of the belly caused by T/ormsCwr i things)
j. alvus (f alvus) - the belly, paunch
k. averrunco - to avert, remove
1. valvae - laeves, folds or valves of a door
m. valvolae - pod, shell
n. volva - a v/rapper, covering
o, vclumen - volume, roll, coil
p. vallis - a valley, vale
q. aero - a v/icker basket
r. viriae - bracelets
s. vibro(vi-vro) - to move rapidly. to and fro, whirl, shake
t, varius - manifold, changing
u, aurea - the bridle of a horse
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LXVIII. WAR or V7iL
3# Latin Root-Derivatives:
V, vola - the hollow of the hand
V/, adulari - to cringe, fav/n(4j)
4, flerraan Root-Derivatives:
a, walken - to mill (cloth) , thre ad ( skins )
b, wallen - to undulate, to move like v/aves
c, Walze - cylinder, roller
d, walzen - to roll, to form into a cylinder (3b)
e, v/alzen - to roll, trundle, revolve
f • -v;arts - towards
g. \7elle - v/ave, billow
h. werden - to become, to turn out (3a)
i. Wehl - hollow wrou.ght by sea-water under a dike
J. wedeln - to favm, cringe (3w)
k, Y/irbel - rapid rotation, v^hirl
1, 'Ji^urm - worm, vermin (oh)
m. Wurst - sausage, pudding roll
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Lxix. v:arg(v;ark)
1, Origin: ^\'IR^ denote energy which issues in force.
2. Meaning: to press, v.rp:e , shut in, hend, oppress, irk, tear, rend
5. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a, con-vergere - to come together
h, vergere - to bend, turn, incline
c. ruga(vruga) - a crease, v/rinl^le
d. urgere - to force, urge, impel (4d)
e. lupus - a \7olf(4e)
f. urceus - a pitcher, Vi^ater-pot
g. Orcus - that which constrains, confines,- the Lower 'Jorld(Plut6
h. valgus - how- legged
i. urvus - the curve part of aplough; the plough tail v/ith which
the hounds of the city v/ere marked out
j. ulcus - a sore
k, Vergiliae - the constellation of the seven stars that rises
at the end of spring, the Pleiades
l.virga - a tv/ig, sprout, rod
m. vulrus - the great mass, puhlic
4, Geririan Root-Derivatives:
a, Rache - vengeance, revenge
b, rachen - to avenge, revenge
c, rackern - to drudge, toil
d, Werk - work, act, deed (3d)
e, YJolf - v/olf (3e)
f • v/ringen - to twist, wring
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LX>'i WAS
1, Origin: ''."S' are connonants of enclosure.
2» Meaning: to clothe, put on clothes
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. vestid - clothing, vesture (4b)
b. vestio - to dress, clothe
c. vesica - an^ything made of bladd'^r, purse, football, etc,
d. vasum - a vessel, dish
e. verna(vesna) - domestic slave, a home-born slave
f • vernilis - fawning, servile
g. vesper - the evening, eve
h. vespa - a wasp(4a)
i. vespillo - a corpse-bearer
j, vispellio - a class of thieves v/ho robbed corpses of their
grave-clothes
k, vestibulum - entrance, court
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a, V/espe - a v/asp(oh)
b, V.'este(5a)
r
iir
Lxxi. ;yid(":it)
1, Ori^^in: denote mental vision and other r.ild 111-uninations
expressed with the closed vov/el 'I',
2. Iileanin^: to see, observe, knov/
3. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a. e-videns - obvious, clear, evident
b. pruelens (providens) - foreseeing, forelmowing
c. videre - to see, perceive, with the eyes(4d)
d. visere - to viev/, survey
e. visio - sight, vision
f. visus - power of sight
g. vitrurn - glass
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a. '.'.'eise - wise man
b. weise - wise, prud*^nt
c. weisen - to show, direct, instruct
d. wissen - to knov;, to be aware of (oc)
e. V/isser - one v/ho knows
f . V/itz - wit, esprit
lie
LXXII. '.VIK
1. Origin: ^V.IC* denote flexure.
2. Ileaning: to bind
3* Latin Roor-Derivatives :
a, viere - to bind or twist together
b, vincire - to bind, fasten (4b)
c, vincul\im - rope, cord, fetter, prisson
d, vinum - v/ines, the vine
e, vitis - a wine, grape-vine
f, vinen - a pliant tv/ig
g, vitex - the chaste tree, Abraham's balm
h, vitta - a sacrificial or sacerdotal fillet
i, vicns - a quarter of a city, a street
j • vicinus - neighboring
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a, V/ickel - roll, curl-paper
b, v/ickeln - to roll, twis'Jr(^b)
c, V'inde - reel, v/inder, windlass
d, v/inden - to vdnd, reel, twist
e, Winkel - angle, corner, nook
c
117
LXIII. '.VIK
1, Origin: 'V/K' denote indirection, haste.
2. Meaning: to separate, rer.ove, give v/ay, change, yield
E. Latin r.oot-Derivatives :
a. invitus - against one's v;ill
b. vi t ere (vici tare) - to shun, avoid (4d)
c. vicarius - substituted, vicarious
d. vicis - change, alternation(4a)
e. vicis siin - on the other hand, again, in turn
f. vicissitude - change, vicissitude
g. in-vicera - by turns, one after another
4, German Root-Derivatives:
a. Wechsel - vicissitude, change (od)
b, v/echseln - to change, replace
c« weich - tender, smooth, ductile
d. v/eichen - to yeild, give way (3b)
e. Weiche - siding, sv/itch, shunt
f . T^'oche - v/eek
118
LXXIV. YA
1. Origin: 'YA' denotes forcible or undefined motion expressed
by the jet of breath in the free current of the vov/el.
(Secondar:/ form from 'I').
2. Meaning: to go
5. Latin Root-Derivatives:
a.
aemulus
- emulating
b.
aeraulare
- to rival
c •
aetas —
the period of life
d.
aevuin -
eternity (4b)
e.
aeternus
- eternal
f .
iacere -
to be throvm or cast, hence.
S*
iacere -
to throw, cast
h.
i anil a -
a house-door
i.
ianus -
an arched passagev/ay
j.
iaculari
- to throw, cast
k.
imitor -
to copy, portray(4f)
1.
imago -
copy, likeness
m.
veredus
- a courier's horse
4. German Root-Derivatives:
a. Adler - eagle
b. ewig - everlasting, eternal (3d)
c. jo - e-'^er, at every time
d. Jahr - year
e. jammern - lament, mourn
f . nachahmen - to copy, r-.iinic, im.itate(3k)
g. jagen - to hunt, c''^-as@:
r
119
BIBLIOr>RAPHY
1. BRUGLIANN, P. C.
"Kurze Verg:leichende Crrammatik der Indigermanlschen Sprachen" .
Strassberg - Triibnor - 1902
(Studied only with reference to selected roots)
2. BYRNE, J.
"Origin of the Greek, Latin, and Gothic Roots".
London - Tr'ubner - 1188 (Entlr^
3. CURTIUS, C. 0.
"Grundziige der Greichischen Etymologie"
Leipzig - TeLibner - 1858
(Translated from the German by Augustus S. 'Vilkins and
Edwin B. England).
London - John Hurray - 1875-1876
(Vol. I.- Partial — Vol. II. - Complete)
4. "Harper's Latin Dictionary".
American Book Co. - Hew York - 1907 (Eef eronce)
5. HIRT, KBPwann
"Etyraologie der Neuhochdeutschen Sprache"
C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchliandling -
Oscar Beck - Lliinchen - 1909
(studied only with reference to selectei roots).
6.
6. HOLBROOKE, G. 0.
"Aryan Word-Building"
The Knickerbocker Press - NV-yV ^ 1910(Sntire)
r
120
BIBLIOGRAPHY
7. laUCrE', F.
"EtyrQOlogisohes V.'orterbuch der deutrjchon Sprache",
Berlin - Leipzig - '.Valter de Gruyter, Co. - 1924 (
(Selected words)
8. SICE AT, W. W.
"English Htyinological Dictionary".
Cambridge - 1893(Second edition) - (ROOTS)
"Primer of Classical Philology".
Oxford - The Clarendon Press - 1905 (Entire)
9. VAIIICEK, A.
"Et;^naologisches '."orterbuch der latsinischen Sprache".
Leipzig - Teubner - 1881 (Entire)
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